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The history of Trieste is an intricate patchwork of myth and legend, flights, passion and races, of culture, peoples and painful victories, of elegant worldliness, successes and failures, of surprising contradictions, lives of artists, commercial traffic and pagan rituals.

From Caves to Cathedrals

Traces of its earliest past have almost all been lost, but according to scholars, the first inhabitants of this region lived in large caverns in the upland plains at the beginning of the Ice Age.

However, it was only in two thousand B.C. that a settlement of sorts began to take shape on the summits of the hills. These were the first villages or castellieri which were surrounded by defensive walls, designed to keep out both invaders and bears which were frequently spotted in the surrounding areas. Inhabited by people of Indo-European (rather than Venetian or Gallo-Celtic) descent, these villages rapidly became commercial trading ports, as they were a natural gateway between east and west and between land and sea.

It was on the site of one of these castellieri, probably the one that dominated the hill where the San Giusto Cathedral stands, that the village of Trieste originated. Its name (derived from the Latin Tergeste) indicates its original purpose: Terg is a Paleo-Venetian word meaning market and este means town. There is no shortage of myths and legends surrounding the place: according to ancient texts, it was here that Jason and the Argonauts were said to have landed on their quest for the mythical Golden Fleece; it was also the place where Antenore and Diomedes were said to have disembarked during the battle for Troy.

Romans, Goths, Longobards, Byzantines, and French

Next came the Romans. The area was conquered and in 52 B.C. Tergeste became a colony of the Eternal City. Commerce and trading began to increase at an astonishing rate, particularly during the second century A.D. This went hand in hand with rapid architectural development. Many remains from this period are still visible to this day including the Arco di Riccardo, the Teatro Romano, the patrician villas and the Basilica Forense.

The fall of the Roman Empire heralded a period of great uncertainty. After a succession of Barbarian invasions, the region passed through the hands of the Goths, the Longobards, the Byzantines and the French. The situation was barely any better throughout the Middle Ages. Violent battles for control over the Adriatic lead to Trieste pledging allegiance to the Austro-Hungarian Empire, or rather to Duke Leopold of Austria.

A Bond with the Hapsburgs

In 1382, an indissoluble bond was created between Trieste and the Hapsburgs. It was a bittersweet bond based on love and hate, respect and submission. It was indeed the Austrians, towards whom many people of Trieste still feel conflicting emotions, that ordered the construction of the castle on San Giusto hill, between 1470 and 1630. This castle has now become one of the principle symbols of the city.

It was in accordance with the wishes of the Hapsburgs (a huge international power) that Trieste was swiflty transformed from a sleepy seaside village to a large European port. With the exception of a few other periods of foreign rule (Venetian, Spanish and finally Napoleonic), Trieste remained subjugated by the Hapsburgs until 1918.

The Early 20th Century

Merchants, entrepreneurs and adventurers from all over the world flocked to Trieste and the city was radically restructured in the eighteenth century by the energetic Empress Maria Teresa. By the end of the nineteenth century the city numbered over one hundred and fifty thousand inhabitants. Large insurance and shipping companies began to appear and shipyards and factories also opened their doors.

Trieste became an important port under Viennese control and numerous economic and cultural initiatives were set up. Thousands of people arrived here from Greece, Turkey and other countries even further afield. This migration gave rise to a multi-ethnic community unpararalled in the rest of Europe. Numerous religions and corresponding places of worship were welcomed to the area; many of these remain standing to this day. Great writers such as Italo Svevo Scipio Slataper, Rainer Maria Rilke and James Joyce lived here. The city's streets are laiden with charm, charisma and mystery; it is full of places of historical interest such as the ancient café or bookshop owned by the poet and intellectual Umberto Saba.

World Wars

In keeping with the irredentist movements that were taking hold all over Europe, many inhabitants of Trieste began to show their support for Garibaldi's forces and the Risorgimento. By the end of the First World War, Trieste had become part of a united Italy. However, the upheavals did not end here. The Second World War brought with it new tragedies. Italy lost the war and Trieste was invaded by Tito's Yugoslavian troops. The thousands of Italians who spoke out against the Communist regime were incarcerated in large underground rock cavities called foibe . They were eventually released thanks to the interventention of Allied troops and the city, with feelings of both euphoria and disorientation, came under U.S. military rule until 1954. It was at this time that Trieste was finally and defintively returned to Italy and it became the administrative seat of the smallest province in Italy and the Friuli-Venezia-Giulia region.

When the Americans left however, there were further problems. Many people found themselves being made redundant and the region underwent a progressive de-industrialisation. The crisis facing the port and the undeniable lack of business acumen among the citizens of Trieste were the final straw. The city's economy was transformed into an anomalous phenomenon. Regaining the wealth and prosperity of the past was to be a difficult task. Even today, the percentage of unemployed in Venezia-Giulia is one of the highest in Northern Italy.

Recent Times

It has only really been in the past twenty years that Trieste has been able to carve out a new niche for itself. It has now become the most important centre for scientific research in Italy and this is a sector which is providing work for an increasing number of young people. Numerous research institutes can be found in the city including the Area di Ricerca (one of the largest technology parks in Europe), the Sincrotrone Elettra, the International Centre of Physical Theory, the Laboratory of Marine Biology, the International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology and many others, as well as the avant-garde university which was built under Fascist rule in the 1920's.







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Arch of Riccardo


The only city gate that has stood the test of time.
Piazza del Barbacan
Trieste 34121
Italy
At the heart of old Triesta between narrow, quiet streets, not far from the very central Piazza dell'Unita d'Italia, we find the Arco di Riccardo, a monument which , according to many historians, dates back to 33 BCE and is the only gate of the city walls that has stood the test of time. But there is also another hypothesis: that the monument, seven meters high and five meters long, could in fact be an entrance to a former sanctuary. Historically a little hazy then, it is definitely worth a visit. Next to the Arch, in an enchanting setting, away from the traffic and confusion, there is a delicious restaurant, All'Arco di Riccardo, which offers typically local food, pleasantly served.

Review © 2007, Wcities
Arch of Riccardo photo by Le foto di Stigli
Photo: Le foto di Stigli
Arch of Riccardo photo by gio pope
Photo: gio pope
Arch of Riccardo photo by WojtAsia
Photo: WojtAsia
 

 
Basovizza's Quarry


A monument to those killed by Slav communists
Basovizza
San Lorenzo
Trieste, Trieste
Italy
If you take the road for the small town of San Lorenzo out of the city up on the Kras Plateau, on the right you will see the doline of Basovizza. This is a spruce lignite quarry from last century which became a national monument after WW2 to the thousands of Italian soldiers and civilians killed by Communist Slav troops under Marshal Tito. These troops were thrown into Kras holes similar to this one. The depth was originally 300 meters but during the 1950s it was reduced to about 135 after the accumulation of war materials and, mostly, corpses. After the conflict, numerous attempts were made to recover the remains of the bodies across the whole of the plateau, often with success, but at Basovizza, unfortunately, there were too many and so it was decided to make the doline their tomb. A bronze epigraph on the monument says, "Honor and Christian piety be to those who fell. Their sacrifice is a constant reminder to the living of the ways of justice and love that lead to true peace". Over the years, Presidents of Italy and other politicians have knelt in front of this epigraph, the symbol of the Communist ferocity.

Review © 2007, Wcities
 

 
Italo Svevo Museum


Dedicated to the life of the Trieste writer
Piazza Hortis, 4
Trieste 34123
Italy
+39 40 30 1108
http://www.retecivica.trieste....
Located in the same library where he loved to spend hours with the great, European classics, this small, central museum is perhaps the only one in Europe that is devoted to Ettore Schmitz. Better known by his nom de plume, Italo Svevo, he was a famous writer who was born in Trieste on December 19, 1861. Here his personal books are kept alongside his most important editions, translations and critical texts about him. A violin lover and an author of books such as SenilitĂ  (As a Man Grows Older, 1898) and La Coscienza di Zeno (The Confessions of Zeno, 1923), which is also his most complex and fascinating work, he studied in Bavaria at the college of Segnitz before working in the Trieste branch of the Union Bank of Vienna. He married Liva Veneziani, daughter of a famous man who produced rust resistant paint for boats. He entered into the family business and traveled extensively for this, mostly to France and England. As a result he gained a good knowledge of languages and met James Joyce, who was teaching at the Berlitz school of Trieste. Svevo is considered to be the most famous Trieste writer and one of the masters of contemporary Italian literature. He died in September 1928 in a car accident near Motta di Livenza.

Review © 2007, Wcities
Italo Svevo Museum photo by wcities
Photo: wcities
 

 
Roman Civil Basilica


The remains of an old basilica
Colle Capitolino (San Giusto)
Trieste
Italy
At the foot of the San Giusto cathedral and castle, on the highest hill of the city, are the remains of a vast, roman basilica dating from the second century. The site was found in the 1930s, when the area was being renovated. The civil basilica had two floors with two apses. Part of the columns were reconstructed during the fascist period. From what remains, it is thought that the basilica was originally 90 meters long and 30 meters wide. It was an imposing building, as Trieste or Tergeste as it was called at the time, was an important city in the Empire. There is a nearby monument to the fallen soldiers of the First World War. From here an extraordinary panorama of the city and the gulf can be admired.

Review © 2007, Wcities
Roman Civil Basilica photo by wcities
Photo: wcities
 

 
Roman Theatre


Roman Amphitheatre.
Via del Teatro Romano
Trieste 34121
Italy
This beautiful Roman amphitheatre was built between the I and II centuries AD by Quinto Petronio Modesto. He was the governor of Trieste under the emperor Trajan. It was uncovered between 1937 and 1939 (in fact it was covered with modern and medieval housing). The theatre is located between the Capitoline hill and Piazza dell'Unita d'Italia. It is worth taking a look even if it has been rather badly looked after. At one time it could seat some six thousand spectators in the seats which are built into the hill leading to San Giusto. The semicircle would have been adorned with statues at that time, these are now in the care of the city's history and art museum. It is thought that when it was built it faced toward the sea and was just outside the city walls.

Review © 2007, Wcities
Roman Theatre photo by Kees van Leijenhorst
Photo: Kees van Leijenhorst
Roman Theatre photo by Serena Tang
Photo: Serena Tang
Roman Theatre photo by Giuseppe Lucido
Photo: Giuseppe Lucido
 

 
Other Schmapplets in this city related to "Trieste - Historical Background"
Trieste
Trieste - Neighborhood Guide
Trieste - Where to Stay
Trieste - Dining & Drinking
Trieste - Art & Entertainment

Other nearby cities:
Venice (126 miles)
Verona (219 miles)
Bologna (231 miles)
Salzburg (247 miles)
Florence (313 miles)
Munich (327 miles)
Vienna (330 miles)
Milan (360 miles)
Genoa (406 miles)
Rome (426 miles)

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